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Sunday, July 5, 2015

科技英语小贴士

科技英语小贴士

总结一些常见的小语法小用法问题,有些是个人经验及英文网站的积累,有些是从
editor那里学来的。大部分不是对错的问题,而且在文学写作中这些rules经常为了某
些效果刻意被打破。不过呢,“It’s not wise to violate the rules until you 
know how to observe them.”(T. S. Eliot)。而且总结一下,给自己的中国学生看
看,省得老重复。

1,何时加逗号?
当句子中有and或者but连接两个从句时,何时加逗号?我的感觉是大多数人觉得句子太
长就加逗号,短就不加。其实应该是,如果两个从句都有独立主语,就该加,否则多长
都不该加。比如:
“I always close the door, but I rarely lock it.”
“I find it distracting to leave the door open with all the noise in the 
hallway and thus always close it.”
当然了,在文学(比如小说)写作中,如果是对话,第二句肯定会加逗号,否则一口气
说不完。
(另外,别忘了and 和but不能引导句子开头这种小儿科问题。)

In the meantime, consequently, for the moment, next … 这些表时间或因果顺序
的在句首时后面都该加逗号。
We decided to use X because, in general, X is a better approach. In general 
的前后都该加。

2, 何时spell out?
十以内的数字应该spell out,十以上的用阿拉伯数字。当然,后者的例外是放在句首
时。

3, 记得加hyphen
A well-designed experiment, a uniformly-distributed parameter。做前置形容词
时。

4,no, any后面的单复数问题
Any 一定是单数。(经常听人讲座完毕问Any questions? 其实是不formal的。)

no后面是可单可复的,但我好难解释。比如,
I see no benefit of doing this. I see no reason not to go there.
There are no buses around this hour. Strange, there are no books in the 
library.
或许可以这么说,你在正常情况下期待的情况是复数,就用复数。比如正常情况该有公
车,那肯定不只一辆。

5,compared with/to, comparing with/to
我的经验是,科技写作中99%都是用compared with。基本上只要是比较就用它。
只有在这种情况下,
Mercury can be compared to our moon。这里不是比大小,是说水星几乎和月球那么
小。强调相似点。

6,两点一逗号
“e.g.,” “i.e.,” 一定是两点一逗号,不要少。

7,多个并列词
正常来讲,多个并列词在最后一个之前加and。例外是以etc. 结尾,它的意思就是and 
the other things,所以之前任何地方都不要出现and了。

另外,尽量不要说A, B, C and D. 而说A, B, C, and D.

8,不要用however取代nevertheless
We failed to go through the last step. Nevertheless, results from previous 
steps suggested …
发现同胞写作经常喜欢在该用nevertheless时用however。


谢谢!尽量不回帖了(除非你惹急了我。)

补充几点

两点一逗号有个例外,就是 cf.

However不是不能用,而且还很常用。只是它跟nevertheless的语义不一样,不要混淆

However尽量不放句首

尽量不用etc

将only放在最靠近要修饰的词旁边,如:

This information is only for your eyes.
-> This information is for your eyes only.

I only read that article yesterday.
-> I read that article only yesterday.

有一个
Compared with 强调两者的区别
Compared to 强调两者的相似性

还有一个because of 和due to:because of相当于一个adverb,due to相当于形容词
。例句:
His defeat was due to the lottery issue.
He was defeated because of the lottery issue.
参见: http://web.ku.edu/~edit/because.html 

source:
http://www.mitbbs.com/article_t/Faculty/31714677.html

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